GK Questions for Class 12 | GK Quiz

Mechanics is the branch of physics that studies motion, forces, and the effects of forces on objects.

The watt (W) is the SI unit of power. One watt equals one joule of energy transferred per second.

Archimedes’ principle states that an immersed object experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Energy has the dimensions of work. Since work equals force multiplied by distance, its dimensional formula is ML²T⁻².

The sky appears blue because air molecules scatter shorter blue wavelengths of sunlight more strongly than longer wavelengths.

Light travels through vacuum at approximately 3 × 10⁸ metres per second.

Faraday’s law states that a changing magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force in it.

The ohm (Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance. Resistance measures opposition to the flow of electric current.

A diode allows current to flow mainly in one direction, so it is commonly used for rectification—converting AC into DC.

Photon energy is given by E = hf, so it is directly proportional to frequency.

The atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. It identifies the element.

p-block elements occupy groups 13 to 18 of the modern periodic table, where the last electron enters a p-subshell.

A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Methane has four bonding pairs around carbon and no lone pair on the central atom, giving it a tetrahedral shape.

Iron is used as the catalyst in the Haber process, which manufactures ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Oxygen usually has an oxidation state of −2 in compounds, except in cases such as peroxides and compounds with fluorine.

Acids react with carbonates to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas, which causes effervescence.

Hydrogenation adds hydrogen across the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene, converting it into an alkane.

Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, written as −OH, attached to a carbon atom.

Ethene molecules join through addition polymerisation to form polyethene, a common plastic.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity. It is a segment of DNA that carries information for a functional product.

DNA replication is semiconservative because each daughter DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly formed strand.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Mitochondria produce much of a eukaryotic cell’s usable energy in the form of ATP, so they are called its powerhouse.

Ribosomes are the cellular structures where amino acids are assembled into proteins.

The pancreas secretes insulin through its beta cells. Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It filters blood and helps form urine.

White blood cells protect the body by identifying and attacking pathogens and other foreign substances.

Gametogenesis is the process through which reproductive cells, or gametes, are formed.

Charles Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism of evolution in his work on the origin of species.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote religious and social reform.

The Revolt of 1857 began at Meerut on 10 May 1857 before spreading to other parts of northern India.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, with its first session held in Bombay.

The Dandi March was part of the Salt Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt laws in 1930.

Subhas Chandra Bose established the Azad Hind Government in 1943 while leading the Indian independence movement abroad.

The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 to review constitutional reforms. It was widely opposed because it had no Indian member.

The Cabinet Mission came to India in 1946 to discuss the transfer of power and a constitutional framework for independence.

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India on 26 November 1949; it came into force on 26 January 1950.

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in December 1946, on 9 December.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of independent India and served from 1950 to 1962.

The Green Revolution greatly increased the production of food grains, especially wheat and rice, through improved seeds and farming methods.

The Ganga is generally regarded as India’s longest river system within the country and is one of its most important rivers.

The Western Ghats are also called the Sahyadri Hills, particularly in parts of western and southern India.

Laterite soil is rich in iron and aluminium because heavy rainfall causes intense leaching of other minerals.

The Indian monsoon is driven largely by the seasonal reversal of winds caused by differential heating of land and sea.

Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir is generally identified as India’s largest freshwater lake by surface area.

The Narmada flows westward and drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.

India’s standard meridian is 82°30′ east longitude, used to determine Indian Standard Time.

Bengaluru is known as India’s Silicon Valley because of its major information-technology and startup industries.

The Constitution describes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic in its Preamble.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment of 1976 added Fundamental Duties to the Constitution.

The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting mainly of elected MPs and elected MLAs.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent House because it is never dissolved; one-third of its members retire every two years.

A person must be at least 25 years old to be eligible for membership of the Lok Sabha.

The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue writs to protect Fundamental Rights under Articles 32 and 226.

Article 280 provides for the establishment of the Finance Commission, which recommends the distribution of certain revenues between the Union and states.

The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body established under Article 324 to supervise elections.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions in rural areas.

The basic economic problem arises because human wants are unlimited while resources are scarce and have alternative uses.

GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced within a country during a specified period.

Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level, which reduces the purchasing power of money.

The Reserve Bank of India is India’s central bank and manages monetary policy, currency issuance, and banking regulation.

Fiscal policy concerns government revenue and expenditure, including taxation, public spending, and borrowing.

In India, monetary policy is formulated by the Reserve Bank of India through its monetary policy framework.

The tertiary sector is called the service sector because it provides services rather than primarily producing goods.

The balance of payments records a country’s economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period.

Human capital consists of people’s skills, knowledge, education, training, and health that improve their productivity.

Sustainable development meets present needs while preserving future generations’ ability to meet their own needs.

Chlorofluorocarbons damage the ozone layer by releasing chlorine radicals that break down ozone molecules.

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty concerned with the conservation and wise use of wetlands.

Biodiversity includes diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.

Carbon dioxide is a major human-caused greenhouse gas released largely through fossil-fuel burning and land-use change.

Recycling converts waste materials into usable materials or new products, reducing the need for fresh resources.

The Red Data Book provides information about threatened and endangered species of plants and animals.

The Kyoto Protocol established targets for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions by industrialised countries and other participating parties.

Food chains usually begin with producers, such as green plants, which make food through photosynthesis.

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant surfaces, mainly through stomata in leaves.

CPU clock speed indicates how many clock cycles the processor performs per second and is commonly expressed in hertz.

RAM is volatile memory, meaning its contents are generally lost when the computer is switched off.

An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources and provides services for applications and users.

A database is designed to store, organise, search, and retrieve data efficiently.

A firewall monitors and filters network traffic according to security rules to help block unauthorised access.

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the address used to locate a resource on the internet.

HTTPS secures web communication by using HTTP together with encryption provided by TLS.

Phishing attempts to trick people into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, banking details, or OTPs.

Artificial intelligence enables computer systems to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as learning and problem-solving.

A QR code stores data in a two-dimensional pattern of squares that can be scanned by a camera or reader.

UNESCO is headquartered in Paris, France.

The International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, is located in The Hague, Netherlands.

Asia is the largest continent in both area and population.

The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean is the deepest known ocean trench.

The official currency of the United Kingdom is the pound sterling.

Most Nobel Prize ceremonies are held in Stockholm, Sweden; the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony is held in Oslo, Norway.

The Summer and Winter Olympic Games are each normally held every four years, although their schedules are staggered.

Checkmate is a chess position in which the king is under attack and no legal move can remove the threat.

Vande Mataram, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, is the national song of India.

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the waves they generate.

An anemometer measures wind speed.

Canberra is the capital city of Australia.

W is the chemical symbol for tungsten, derived from its historical name wolfram.